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(2) ºô¸ô¡B¹Ï®Ñ»P´Á¥Z½×¤å¸ê®Æ
¡¼ Geiger, Wilhelm, Pali Literature and Language, Calcutta : University of Calcutta, 1953.
¡¼ Law, Bimala Churn, A History of Pali Literature, London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., Ltd., 1933.
¡¼ Gunapala Malalasekera, The Pali Literature of Ceylon, London : Royal Asiatic Society, 1928.
¡¼ http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/LunCong/004/004.htm
¡@¡@©uÛCªLµÛ¡m©u¸rªL¦ò±Ð¾Ç³N½×¤å¶°¡n¡]¥x¥_¥«¡GªFªì¡A¥Á84¡^¤@®Ñ¤¤¡A¦¬¿ý¡q­ì©l¦ò±Ðªº»y¨¥°ÝÃD¡]ªþ­^Ķ¤å¡^¡r¡B¡q¦A½Í­ì©l¦ò±Ðªº»y¨¥°ÝÃD¢w¢w­Ý½Í¬ü°ê±ë¤å¾ÇªÌ¦òÄõ§JªL¡D·R­õ¾·ªº¤èªk½×¡r¡B¡q¤T½×­ì©l¦ò±Ðªº»y¨¥°ÝÃD¡r¤T½g¤å³¹¡C
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¡@¡@¦³Ãö¦òªû¦~¥N°ÝÃDªº°Q½×¦³¥H¤U¸ê®Æ¡G
¡¼ http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/09budda.htm
Buddha's last resting place discovered¡]¦òªû³Ì«á¯Iºn¦aÂIªºµo²{¡^
¡¼ http://www.umass.edu/wsp/great/contra/ bechert.html
The Date of the Buddha
¡¼ http://homepage.ntlworld.com/d.burnett/Buddha/ buddha-date.htm
Dates of the Buddha, The Chronological Question
¡¼ http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbj%5C06 %5C06_05.htm
¤ý¨¹ºû¡A¡q²¤½×¤j­¼¡m¤j¯ë¯Iºn¸g¡nªº¶ÇĶ¡r¡A¡m¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä6´Á¡]1993¦~7¤ë¡^¡A­¶103-127¡C
¡¼ Bechert Heinz ed., The Dating of the Historical Buddha, 3 vols., Göttingen, 1991, 1992, 1997.
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¡¼ Akira Hirakawa, ¡§An Evaluation of the Sources On the Date of the Buddha,¡¨ in The Dating of the Historical Buddha, ed. by Heinz Bechert, pp. 252-295.
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¡¼ §fæJ¡A¡q¦ò¾ú¦~¥NÅGÃÒ¡r¡A¡m²{¥N¦ò±Ð¾Ç³NÂO¥Z¡D97¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¥«¡G¤j­¼¤å¤Æ¡A1980¡^¡A­¶1-120¡C
¡¼ ¦t¤«§B¹Ø¡A¡q¦ò·À¦~¥N½×¡r¡A¡m²{¥N¦ò±Ð¾Ç³NÂO¥Z¡D97¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¥«¡G¤j­¼¤å¤Æ¡A1980¡^¡A­¶99-186¡C
¡¼ ÄÀªFªì¡A¡qÃö©ó¦òªû¥Í·À¬ö¦~¤§¦ÒÃÒ¡r¡A¡m²{¥N¦ò±Ð¾Ç³NÂO¥Z¡D97¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¥«¡G¤j­¼¤å¤Æ¡A1980¡^¡A­¶309-324¡C

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¡@¡@¡u²Ä¤@µ²¶°¡v¡B¡u²Ä¤Gµ²¶°¡v¬O¦ò±Ð¬É¤½»{ªºµ²¶°¡A¬°¤@¤Á³¡¬£©Ò¤½»{¡A¤]¬O³¡¬£¥¼¤Àµõ¥H«eªºµ²¶°¶Ç»¡¡C¶Ç»¡ªº¨â¤jµ²¶°¡A¤£¶È¬Oªk»P«ß¢w¢w¸g»P«ßªºµ²¶°¡A§ó§t¦³¹¬¹Î¤ºª[¨£ªº®ø°£¡AÂk©ó©M¦Xªº³¡¤À¡C

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¡¼ ¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¤­¡D¤»¤C¤¤¡^¡F¡m¤À§O¥\¼w½×¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¤­¡D¤T¤@¤U¡^¡F¡m¤j­ð¦è°ì°O¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤­¤@¡D¤E¤G¤G¤¤¡^¡F¡m¼¶¶°¤TÂäÎÂøÂöǡn¡]¤j¥¿¥|¤E¡D¤@¤W¡^¡F¡mªü¨|¤ý¶Ç¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤­¡³¡D¤@¤­¤@¤W¡^¡F¡m¤j­ð¤j·O®¦¦x¤TÂêk®v¶Ç¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤­¡³¡D¤G¤T¤K¤W¡^¡C
¡¼ ¡mªøªü§t¡D²³¶°¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤@¡D¤­¡³¤¤¡^¡C
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¡¼ ¡m¥|¤À«ß¡D¶°ªkÏi¥§¤­¦Ê¤H¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¤G¡D¤E¤»¤K¤W¡^
¡@¡@®É¤j­{¸­§Y§@¥Õ¨¥¡G¡u¤j¼w¹¬Å¥¡A­Y¹¬®É¨ì¡B¹¬§ÔÅ¥¡A¹¬¤µ°ÝÀuªiÂ÷ªkÏi¥§¡A¥Õ¦p¬O¡C¡v¡K¡K®É¤j­{¸­§Y°Ý¨¥¡G¡u²Ä¤@ªiù¦i¡A¥»°_¦ó³B¡H½Ö¥ý¥Ç¡H¡vÀuªiÂ÷µª¨¥¡G¡u¦bÏiªÙÂ÷¡A¶·´£¨º­{Äõªû¤lªì¥Ç¡C¡v¡u²Ä¤G´_¥»°_¦ó³B¡H¡vµª¨¥¡G¡u¦b¤ýªÙ«°¡Aªû¥§¦÷¤ñ¥C³³®v¤lªì¥Ç¡C¡v´_°Ý¡G¡u²Ä¤T¥»°_¦ó³B¡H¡v¡K¡K¬°Ïi¥§ÂáC
¡@¡@¤j­{¸­§Y°ÝªüÃø¨¥¡G¡u±ë°Ê¸g¦b¦ó³B»¡¡H¼W¤@¦b¦ó³B»¡¡H¼W¤Q¦b¦ó³B»¡¡H¥@¬É¦¨±Ñ¸g¦b¦ó³B»¡¡H¡v¡K¡KªüÃø¬Òµª¡G¡u¦pªøªü§t»¡¡A©¼§Y¶°¤@¤Áªø¸g¡A¬°ªøªü§t¡C¤@¤Á¤¤¸g¡A¬°¤¤ªü§t¡C±q¤@¨Æ¦Ü¤Q¨Æ¡A±q¤Q¨Æ¦Ü¤Q¤@¨Æ¡A¬°¼W¤@¡CÂø¤ñ¥C¡B¤ñ¥C¥§¡BÀu±C¶ë¡BÀu±C¨p¡B½Ñ¤Ñ¡BÂø«ÒÄÀ¡BÂøÅ]¡BÂø±ë¤ý¡A¶°¬°Âøªü§t¡C¦p¬O¥Í¸g¡B¥»¸g¡Bµ½¦]½t¸g¡B¤èµ¥¸g¡B¥¼´¿¦³¸g¡BÄ´³ë¸g¡B¡K¡K¡A¦p¬O¶°¬°ÂøÂáC¦³ÃøµLÃøô¬ÛÀ³§@³B¡A¶°¬°ªüÏi¾èÂáC®É§Y¶°¬°¤TÂáC¡v

2. ºô¸ô¡B¹Ï®Ñ»P´Á¥Z½×¤å¸ê®Æ
¡¼ http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbj/04/04_03.htm
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¡@¡@¥»¤å¤Þ¥Î«n¥_¶Çªº¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¡A±´°Q¡mªü§t¸g¡n¦b¤£¦Pµ²¶°¤¤ªºÅܤƥH¤Î¤j­¼¸g¨åªº·½¬y¡C
¡¼ http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag115263.html
ªL±R¦w¡A¡qÄÀ´L®É´Áªº¤À±Ð©Mªü§t¸gªº¶°¦¨¤§¬ã¨s¡r¡A¡m¤ºÆ[±Ð¨|¡n¡A¡]2004¡^¡C
¡¼ http://www.hku.hk/buddhist/yinshun/31/yinshun31-03.html
ÄÀ¦L¶¶¡A¡q²Ä¤G³¹¸t¨åªºµ²¶°»P³¡¬£¤À¤Æ¡r¡A¡m¦L«×¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¥v¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¡G¥¿»D¡A¥Á79¡^¡A­¶33-46¡C
¡¼ Biswadeb Mukherjee (¿p§J¬ö), ¡§The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council ¡XA Retrospection¡¨ (¦ò±Ð²Ä¤@µ²¶°ªºÃøÃD¢w¢w¤@­Ó¦^ÅU)¡A¡m¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä7´Á¡]1994¦~7¤ë¡^¡A­¶452-473¡C
¡¼ Hallisey, Charles, ¡§Councils as Ideas and Events in the Theravāda,¡¨ The Buddhist Forum 3 (1991), pp. 133-148.
¡¼ Bechert, H., ¡§The Writing Down of the Pāli Canon,¡¨ WZKS 36 (1992), pp. 45-53.
¡¼ Manne, J., ¡§Categories of Sutta in the Pāli Nikāyas and their Implications for our Appreciation of Buddhist Teaching and Literature,¡¨ Journal of Pāli Text Society XV (1990), pp. 29-87.
¡¼ Lancaster, L., ¡§Buddhist Literature : Its Canon, Scribes and Editors,¡¨ in The Critical Study of Sacred Texts, ed. by Wendy D., O¡¦Flaherty (Berkeley, 1979), pp. 215-229.
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¡¼ Hirakawa Akira, ¡§The meaning of ¡§Dharma¡¨ and ¡§Abhidharma¡¨ ,¡¨ in Indianisme et Bo, (Louvain -La-Neuve, 1980), pp. 159-175.
¡¼ http://www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk/CPaglou.htm
Nature and Identity of the Texts in the Sacred Traditions of Buddhism
¡@¡@¦¹¬°­^¤åªº¤å³¹¡A¤¶²Ð¤TÂøg¨å»P¸g¨åªºµ²¶°¡C
¡¼ Allon, Mark, ¡§The Oral Composition and Transmission of Early Buddhist Texts,¡¨ in Indian Insights : Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakti, Peter Connolly and Sue Hamilton (eds.) (London : Luzac Oriental 1997), pp. 39-62.
¡¼ Louis DE LA Vall`ee Poussin, ¡§On the Authority (Pramanya) of the Buddhist Agamas(1),¡¨ The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1902, pp. 363-376.
¡¼ Dutt, Nalinaksha, ¡§The Buddhist Manuscripts at Gilgit,¡¨ The Indian Historical Quarterly 1932. 06, pp. 342-350.
¡¼ McMahan, David ¡§Orality, Writing and Authority in South Asian Buddhism : Visionary Literature and the Struggle for Legitimacy in the Mahayana,¡¨ History of Religions Vol. 37 No. 3 (Feb 1998), pp. 249-274.
¡¼ Law, Bimala Charan, ¡§A Study of the Digha Nikaya of the Suttapitaka,¡¨ The Young East 4:4 (1928.9), pp. 112-120.

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¡@¡@«ö¥_¶Ç¦ò±Ð¡m²§³¡©v½ü½×¡nªº»¡ªk¡A¡u¤j¤Ñ¤­¨Æ¡v¬O³¡¬£¤Àµõ¤§¦]¡A¬O¥Ñ©ó¹ï­×¦æªº³Ì°ªªG¦ì¬O§_¬°ªüùº~ªG²£¥Í¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¦Ó¤Þ°_ªº¡A³o¬OÄÝ©ó±Ð¸q¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡C¤j¤Ñ©Ò­Ò»¡ªº¤­ºØ¨£¸Ñ¡A§Y¡G¡]¤@¡^¾l©Ò»¤¡A¡]¤G¡^µLª¾¡A¡]¤T¡^µS¿Ý¡A¡]¥|¡^¥L¥O¤J¡A¡]¹D¦]Án¬G°_¡^¡C

(2) ¤åÄm¡B¹Ï®Ñ»P´Á¥Z½×¤å¸ê®Æ
¡¼ ¡m¤­¤À«ß¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¤G¡D¤@¤E¤G¤W¤¤¡^¡F¡m¹¬¬é«ß¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¤G¡D¥|¤E¤T¤W¡^¡F¡m¥|¤À«ß¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¤G¡D¤E¤»¤K¤U¡^¡F¡m¤Q»w«ß¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¤T¡D¥|¤­¡³¤W¡^¡F¡m®Ú¦³«ß¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¥|¡D¥|¡³¤C¤U¡^¡F¡mµ½¨£«ß¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¥|¡D¤»¤C¤C¤U¡^¡F¡m¬s¥§¥À¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¥|¡D¤K¤@¤E¤¤¤W¡^
¡¼ http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-NX012/nx00114.htm
·¨´f«n¡A¡q±q¡u¤Q¨Æ«Dªk½Ø¡v½×§Ù«ßªº¤è«K©Ê¡r¡A¡m±q¶Ç²Î¨ì²{¥N¡G¦ò±Ð­Û²z»P²{¥NªÀ·|¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¥«¡GªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A1990¡^¡A­¶15-28¡C
¡¼ Cousins, L. S., ¡§The Five Points and the Origins of the Buddhist Schools,¡¨ Buddhist Forum II, ed. by T. Skorupski (London : SOAS, 1990).

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¡¼ ¤Ú§Qªº¡m®q¥v¡n¡B¡m¤j¥v¡n
¡¼ ı­µªº¡m½×¨Æª`¡n¡]Kathavatthu-atthakata¡^
¡¼ ¥@¤Í©ÒµÛ¡AÄݩ󻡤@¤Á¦³³¡ªº¡m²§³¡©v½ü½×¡n¡]¤j¥¿¥|¤E¡D¤@¤­¤W¡^¡F²§Ä¶¥»¡m¤Q¤K³¡½×¡n¡]¤j¥¿¥|¤E¡D¤@¤C¤¤¡^¡B¡m³¡°õ²§½×¡n¡]¤j¥¿¥|¤E¡D¤G¤Q¤W¡^¡C
¡¼ ¡m­ÑªÙ½×°O¡D¤À§O¥@«~¡n¡]¤j¥¿¥|¤@¡D¤@¤­¤K¤U¡^
¡¼ ¡m¤å®í®v§Q°Ý¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤@¥|¡D¤­¡³¤@¤W¡^¡B¡mªÙ§Q¥±°Ý¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¥|¡D¤E¡³¡³¤¤¡^
¡¼ ¡m¥X¤TÂðO¶°¡D¶°«ß¤À¬°¤Q¤K³¡°O¿ý¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤­¤­¡D¤G¡³¤W¡^
¡@¡@¥H¶Ç«ù«ßÂ꺤­­Ó¦³¤Oªº³¡¬£¬°¤¤¤ß¨Ó»¡©ú¤À¬£¡C
¡¼ http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbj/03/03_ 02.htm
ªL±R¦w¡A¡q¦L«×³¡¬£¦ò±Ðªº¤À¥ß»P®v¸ê¶Ç©Óªº¬ã¨s¡r¡A¡m¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä3´Á¡]1990¦~4¤ë¡^¡A­¶25-44¡C
¡¼ http://www.hku.hk/buddhist/yinshun/41/yinshun41-16.html
ÄÀ¦L¶¶¡A¡q³¡¬£¤À¤Æ»P¤j­¼¡r¡A¡mªì´Á¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¤§°_·½»P¶}®i¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¡G¥¿»D¡A¥Á70¡^¡A­¶315-354¡C
¡¼ http://www.hku.hk/buddhist/yinshun/40/yinshun40-02.html
ÄÀ¦L¶¶¡A¡q³¡¬£ªº¨t²Î¡r¡A¡m»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡¬°¥Dªº½×®Ñ»P½×®v¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¡G¥¿»D¡A¥Á78¡^¡A­¶12-14¡C
¡¼ http://www.hku.hk/buddhist/yinshun/35/yinshun35-07.html
ÄÀ¦L¶¶¡A¡m¦L«×¤§¦ò±Ð¡n¡A²Ä¤»³¹¡q¾Ç¬£ªº¤Àµõ¡r¡A­¶97-122¡C
¡¼ Nattier, Janice J. and Prebish, C. S., ¡§Mahāsaṃghika Origins : The Beginning of Buddhist Sectarianism,¡¨ History Religion 16 (1976), pp. 237-272.

¡]¤T¡^³¡¬£«ä·Qªº¤Àª[

1. ¤j·N

¡@¡@¦Û®Ú¥»¤Àµõ¬°¤W®y³¡»P¤j²³³¡«á¡AªK¥½³¡¬£¥Ñ©ó¬O¥H«ä·Q¤À¤Æ¡A¬G¬Ò¥H±Ð¸q¬°³¡¬£ªº¦WºÙ¡C³¡¬£¦ò±Ð®É´Á¡A±q¤W®y³¡¤À¥Xªº»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡¼vÅT³Ì¤j¡A¤§«á¤S±q¦¹³¡¤À¥XÃ}¤l¡Bªk¤W¡B±KªL¤sµ¥³¡¡C»¡¤@¤Á¦³³¡ªº¾Ç»¡¥Hªü¬s¹F¿i¬°¥ß½×¨Ì¾Ú¡A§â¥@¶¡¤@¤Á²{¶H¤À¬°¦³¬°ªk©MµL¬°ªk¨âÃþ¡A¥D±i¡u¤T¥@¹ê¦³¡v¡B¡uªkÅéùÚ¦³¡v¡A¨Ã¥H¡u¤»¦]»¡¡v¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¦]½tÃö«Y¡Aµo®i¤F­ì©l¦ò±Ðªº½t°_Æ[¡C³¡¬£¦ò±Ð«á¨Ó¦V¤j­¼µo®i¡A±q¤j²³³¡¦V¤¤Æ[¬£¡]ªÅ©v¡^µo®i¡A±q¤W®y³¡¦V¸g¶q³¡µo®i¡A¶i¦Ó¦V·ì¦÷¦æ¬£¡]¦³©v¡^µo®i¡C

2. ¤åÄm¡B¹Ï®Ñ»P´Á¥Z½×¤å¸ê®Æ
¡¼ ¡m¦Ê³ë¸g¡n¨÷¥|¡]¤j¥¿¥|¡D¤­¤­¤»¤W¡^
¡@¡@¬°¦W§Q¬G³y§@À¸½×¡A¨¥¤G¥@¦³¤G¥@µL¡A¤¤³±¦³¤¤³±µL¡A¤ß¼Æªk¦³¤ß¼ÆªkµL¡C
¡¼ ¡m¤j¯ë¯Iºn¸g¡n¨÷¤Q¤K»P¨÷¤T¤Q¤T¡]¤j¥¿¤@¤G¡D¥|¤C¤T¤¤-¤U¡A¤C¤@¤»¤¤¡A¤­¤»¤T¤¤-¤U¡^
¡@¡@¦¹¸g°O±Ô¦òªû±Ô­z¨ä¯Iºn«á¡A§Ì¤l­Ì±N¦b¦UºØijÃD¤W¥X²{¤£¦Pªº·N¨£¡C
¡@¡@¡uµ½¨k¤l¡I§Úªk·À®É¡A¦³Án»D§Ì¤l¡A©Î»¡¦³¯«©Î»¡¯«ªÅ¡F©Î»¡¦³¤¤³±©Î»¡µL¤¤³±¡F©Î»¡¦³¤T¥@©Î»¡µL¤T¥@¡K¡K¡C¡vµ¥¤Q¥|­ÓijÃD¡C
¡@¡@¡u¦p¬O²³¥Í©ó¦ò·À«á§@¦p¬O»¡¡C¦p¨Ó²¦³º¤J©ó¯Iºn¡C©Î¤£²¦³º¤J©ó¯Iºn¡C©Î»¡¦³§Ú©Î»¡µL§Ú¡C©Î¦³¤¤³±©ÎµL¤¤³±¡C©Î»¡¦³°h©Î»¡µL°h¡K¡K¡vµ¥¤G¤Q¤@­ÓijÃD¡C
¡¼ ¡m¦¨¹ê½×¡n¨÷¤G¡]¤j¥¿¤T¤G¡D¤G¤­¤T¤U¡^
¡@¡@©ó¤TÂ䤡A¦h½Ñ²§½×¡A¦ý¤H¦h³ß°_½Ø½×ªÌ¡A©Ò¿×¤G¥@¦³¡B¤G¥@µL¡F¤@¤Á¦³¡B¤@¤ÁµL¡F¤¤³±¦³¡B¤¤³±µL¡F¥|¿Í¦¸²Ä±o¡B¤@®É±o¡F¦³°h¡BµL°h¡G¨Ï»P¤ß¬ÛÀ³¡B¤ß¤£¬ÛÀ³¡F¤ß©Ê¥»²b¡B©Ê¥»¤£²b¡F¤w¨ü³ø·~¡A©Î¦³©ÎµL¡F¦ò¦b¹¬¼Æ¡B¤£¦b¹¬¼Æ¡F¦³¤HµL¤H¡Cµ¥¤Q­ÓijÃD¡C
¡¼ ÄÀ®©®ï¡A¡m³¡¬£¦ò±Ð¨t¦C¤W½s¡G¹ê¬Û½g¡B·~ªG½g¡n¡A¥x¥_¥«¡Gªk¬É¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á90¡C
¢w¢w¡m³¡¬£¦ò±Ð¨t¦C¤¤½s¡G­×ÃÒ½g¡n¡A¥x¥_¥«¡Gªk¬É¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á92¡C
¡@¡@¦¹¨t¦Cªº®Ñ´£¨Ñ³¡¬£¦ò±Ðªº´X­Ó¥D­n¬£§O¦b¦³Ãö®É¶¡Æ[¡B¦³¬°»PµL¬°Æ[¡B·~¤OÆ[¡B½ü°jÆ[¡B¤¤¦³Æ[¡BµÐÂÄÆ[¡B¦òªûÆ[¡B¸tªGÆ[µ¥ªº«ä·Q¤ñ¸û»P±´°Q¡C
¡¼ Kajiyama, Yuichi, ¡§Realism of the Sarvāstivāda School,¡¨ in Buddhist Thought and Asian Civilisation, pp. 114-131.
¡¼ Davids. T. W. Rhys, ¡§The Sects of the Buddhists,¡¨ The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1891), pp. 409-422.
¡¼ Bendall. C., ¡§Ancient Indian Sects and Oorders Mentioned by Buddhist Writers,¡¨ The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1901), pp. 122-127.

¤Q¤@¡B¤å¤ÆÃÀ³N

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¡@¡@§pªû®É¥Nªº¦L«×¤å¤Æ¡A¦b¸ÖºqÃÀ³N¤D¦Ü¬°ÀJ¨è½Ñ¯«¦Ó¦³ªºÀJ¨è»P«Ø¿vÃÀ³N¡A¦³¬Û·í¬ð¥Xªºµo®i¡C¤Õ³¶¤ý´Â®É´Á©Ò¶}³Ðªº¦ò±ÐÃÀ³N¡A¤×¥Hªü¨|¤ý¥Û¬W¬°¥Nªí¡A«á¨Óªº®á©_¦ò¶ð§ó¬OÅý¦ò±ÐÃÀ³N¿²©ó³Ì°ª¦¨´N¡C¨ì¤F¶QÁ÷¤ý´Â¡A¤j¶q¦ò±ÐÀJ¹³ªº¥X²{¡A¨ÏÞ¥ªûùÃÀ³N¶i¤J¹ñ·sªº¶¥¬q¡A¨ä³Ì¤jªº¯SÂI¬Oµ²¦X¦L«×»P§Æþªº­·®æ¡A¦bÃÀ³N¤W§e²{¨ä°ê»Ú©Ê¡A¦P®É¤]ÄÄ­z¦ò±Ð±Ð¸qªºµo®i¡A¦p¦òªûÆ[«ä·Qªº¤£¦P¡C¦ò±Ð«á¨Ó¦b¦L«×¦¡·L¡AÃÀ³Nªºµo®i¤]¨ü¨ì¼vÅT¡A¦ý¬OÀHµÛ¦ò±Ð¶Ç¤J¤¤°ê¡A¥H¦ò±Ð¬°¥DÃDªºÃ¸µe¡B«Ø¿v»PÀJ¨èÃÀ³N¡A¬ÛÄ~¥¥¨|¦Ó¥Í¡A¹ï¤¤°êªº¤å¾ÇÃÀ³N¤D¦Ü«ä·Q¤å¤Æ²£¥Í¤F«Ü¤jªº¼vÅT¡C

¡]¤G¡^¤åÄm»P´Á¥Z½×¤å¸ê®Æ

1. ¦ò¹³ªº°_·½
¡¼ ¡m¼W¤@ªü§t¡DÅ¥ªk«~¡]¤­¡^¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¡D¤C¡³¤»¤W¡^
¡@¡@¦¹¸g°O±Ôªi´µ°Î¤ý»PÀu¶ñ¤ý«ä¸@¦p¨Ó¦Ó¼~´o¡A¸s¦Ú«K§@¬O©À¡G©y§@¦p¨Ó§Î¹³¡C¤ý»D¦¹»y¤w¡AÅw³ß¿ãÅD¡A¤£¯à¦Û³Ó¡C¬O®É¡CÀu¶ñ¤ý§Y¥H¤ûÀYÑêÀȧ@¦p¨Ó§Î¹³°ª¤­¤Ø¡C
¡¼ Coomaraswamy, Ananda, ¡§The Origin of the Buddha Image,¡¨ The Art Bulletin, IX 4 (June, 1927), pp. 287-328.

2. ¦ò±ÐªºÃÀ³N
¦ò±ÐÃÀ³N¡@¡@´£¨Ñ¦³Ãö¦ò±ÐÃÀ³N¥DÃDªººô¸ô¸ê·½¤§¦U¶µ³sµ²¡C
¡¼ http://www.gaya.org.tw/library/b-ip/b_arts.htm
¡¼ http://bailinsi.fjnet.com/newchanne/sly/10/yj/yj02.htm
ÄÀ´ï¦p¡A¡q¦L«×¦­´Á¦ò¶ð«H¥õªº§Î¦¨»P¬yÅÜ¡r¡A¡m²Ä¤Q©¡¥Í¬¡ÁI®L¥OÀçºtÁ¿±M¶°¡n¡C
¡¼ Devaprasad Ghosh, ¡§The Development of Buddhist Art in South India,¡¨ The Indian Historical Quarterly 4:4 (December, 1928), pp. 724-740.
¡¼ Davids, T. W. Rhys, ¡§Asoka and the Buddha-Relics,¡¨ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1901), pp. 397-410.

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¡@¡@¦ò±Ð¬ù©ó¤½¤¸¤Q¤T¥@¬ö¦b¦L«×·À¤`¡A¦Ü¦¹¦ò±Ð¤w¾ú¸g¬ù¤@¤d¤»¦Ê¦~ªº¾ú¥v¡A»P¦ò±Ð¤j¬ù¦P®É¥Nªº¯Ï¨º±Ð¦Ü¤µ¤´¦s¦b©ó¦L«×¡A¦Ó¦ò±Ð¦ó¥H·|¨«¦V·À¤`¡A³o¬O­Ó­È±o±´°Qªº°ÝÃD¡C¥Ñ©ó¦L«×¨S¦³°O¸ü¾ú¥vªº²ßºD¡A¦]¦¹­n¤F¸Ñ·À¤`ªº­ì¦]¹ê¦³§xÃø¡A¦ý¬O±´¨s·í®É¨ä¥L©v±Ðªºµo®i¡B¬Fªv»P¦ò±ÐªºÃö«Y¡B¦ò±Ð¤º³¡¥»¨­ªº°ÝÃD¡B«H²³¹ï¦ò±Ð«H¥õªººA«×»PªÀ·|ªº¸gÀÙª¬ªpµ¥¡AÀ³¸Ó¤£Ãø±À´ú¥X¦ò±Ð¤§©Ò¥H¦b¦L«×·À¤`ªº­ì¦]¡C

¡]¤G¡^¤åÄm¡B¹Ï®Ñ»P´Á¥Z½×¤å¸ê®Æ
¡¼ ¡mÂøªü§t¡D¤E¡³¤»¸g¡n¡]¤j¥¿¤G¡D¤G¤G¤»¤¤¡^
¡@¡@¦¹¸g¬O¦òªû¶}¥Ü¡G¡u¦p¨Ó¥¿ªk±ý·À¤§®É¡A¦³¬Û¦ü¹³ªk¥Í¡C¬Û¦ü¹³ªk¥X¥@¶¡¤w¡A¥¿ªk«h·À¡C¡v¨Ã¥[¥H»¡©ú¯à¥O¦p¨Ó¥¿ªk¨H¨S©Î¤£¨H¨Sªº¤­­Ó¦]½t¡C
¡¼ ¾G®¶·×¡A¡q¿³²±§Y·À¤`? ¢w¢w±q¦L«×¦ò±Ðªº·À¤`¬Ý¥xÆW¦ò±Ðªº¿³²±¡r¡A¡m¼z¬²¡n¡A²Ä326/327´Á¡]1991¦~8¤ë¡^¡A­¶22-34¡C
¡¼ Áú§Ê³Ç¡A¡q¦L«×¦ò±Ðªº·À¤`¡r¡A¡m¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥v¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¡G¤å¬z¡A¥Á85¡^¡A­¶281-294¡C
¡¼ »ö¼Ò¡A¡q¦L«×¦ò±Ðªº¿³°_©M°I¤`¡r¡A¡m²{¥N¦ò±Ð¾Ç³NÂO¥Z. 93¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¡G¤j­¼¤å¤Æ¡A¥Á67¡^¡A­¶363-372¡C
¡¼ §ù¯S¡A¡q¦ò±Ð¦b¦L«×ªº¿³°_©M°I¸¨¡r¡A¡m²{¥N¦ò±Ð¾Ç³NÂO¥Z. 93¡n¡A¡]¥x¥_¡G¤j­¼¤å¤Æ¡A¥Á67¡^¡A­¶253-266¡C
¡¼ ÄÀ¦L¶¶¡A¡q±K±Ð¤§¿³»P¦ò±Ð¤§·À¡r¡A¡m¦L«×¤§¦ò±Ð¡n¡A(¥x¥_¡G¥¿»D¡A¥Á76)¡A­¶305-326¡C
¡¼ ¬dº¸´µ¡D®J§Q¶ø¯SµÛ¡F§õºaº³Ä¶¡A¡q¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¢w¢w¦ò±Ð¦b¦L«×ªº°I¤`¡r¡A¡m¦L«×±Ð»P¦ò±Ð¥vºõ ²Ä¤G¨÷¡n¡A¡]°ª¶¯¡G¦ò¥ú¡A¥Á79¡^¡A­¶164-207¡C
¡¼ ¦õ¦õ¤ì±Ð®©µ¥µÛ¡FÄÀ¹F©MĶ¡A¡q¦^±Ð®{ªº«I¤J»P¦ò±Ðªº·À¤`¡r¡A¡m¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥v·§»¡¡n¡A¡]°ª¶¯¡G¦ò¥ú¡A¥Á84¡^¡A­¶119-121¡C

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¡@¡@¨Ì¾ÚÄÀ¦L¶¶ªº¡mªì´Á¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¤§°_·½»P¶}®i¡n¡A¦b¦è¤¸«e«á¡A¦L«×¥X²{¤FµoµÐ´£¤ß¡A­×µÐÂĦæ¡A¨D¦¨µL¤WµÐ´£ªºµÐÂĦæªÌ¡A¥L­Ì«Å´­¦òªG²øÄY¡AµÐÂĤj¦æªº¸g¨å¡A¦Ó¤Þ°_¥Hµo¥XÂ÷¤ß¡B­×¤v§Q¦æ¡A¨D¦¨ªüùº~¤§¶Ç²Î¦ò±Ðªº¤Ï¹ï¡A³¡¤Àªº¶Ç²Î¦ò±ÐªÌ¨Ã«ü¥¸³o¨ÇµÐÂĦ檺¸g¨å¬°«D¦ò©Ò»¡¡C¡u¤j­¼«D¦ò»¡¡vªº½×»¡¡AÅýµÐÂĦæªÌ¤]¬Û¹ï¦a«ü¥¸¶Ç²Î¦ò±Ð¬°¤p­¼¡A³oºØ¬Û¤¬«ü¥¸ªº±¡ªp¤@ª½©µÄòµÛ¡C¶Ç²Îªº³¡¬£¦ò±Ð¡A¾Ö¦³¶Ç²Îªº¤Î¦x°|²Õ´ªºÀu¶Õ¡A¦ý¦b²z½×»P­×«ù¤W¡A¤S¯Ê¤Ö¤Ï¹ï¤j­¼¦òªkªº¯u¥¿¤O¶q¡A©Ò¥H¡A¤j­¼²×©ó¦b¦L«×¬y¦æ°_¨Ó¡]µù5¡^¡C

¡]¤G¡^ºô¸ô¡B¹Ï®Ñ»P´Á¥Z½×¤å¸ê®Æ
¡¼ http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ011/bj11_303.htm
½²Ä£©ú¡A¡q¼Ú¬ü¾Ç¬É¤j­¼¦ò±Ð°_·½¦a¤§±´°Q¤Î¨ä½×µû¡r¡A¡m¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä3´Á¡]1998¦~¡^¡A­¶77-97¡C
¡¼ http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbj/01/01_05.htm
§d¦¼¶v¡A¡q¦L«×¤j­¼¦ò±Ð«ä·Qªº¯S¦â¡r¡A¡m¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä1´Á¡]1987¦~3¤ë¡^¡A­¶123-135¡C
¡¼ http://www.hku.hk/buddhist/yinshun/41/yinshun41-00.html
ÄÀ¦L¶¶¡A¡mªì´Á¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¤§°_·½»P¶}®i¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G¥¿»D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á57¡C
¡¼ http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbj/14/bj100599.htm
ÄÀ¦p¥Û¡A¡q¤j­¼°_·½»P¶}®i¤§¤ß²z°Ê¤O¢w¢w¥Ã«íÃh©À¬O¤j­¼°_·½»P¶}®iªº°Ê¤O¶Ü¡H¡r¡A¡m¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n¡A²Ä14´Á¡]2001¦~9¤ë¡^¡A­¶1-42¡C
¡¼ Gombrich, Richard, ¡§How the Mahāyana Began,¡¨ The Buddhist Forum 1, pp. 21-30.
¡¼ Harrison, Paul, ¡§Searching for the Origins of the Mahāyāna : What we looking for?,¡¨ Eastern Buddhism 28 (1995), pp. 48-69.
¡¼ Hirakawa, A. ¡§The Rise of Mahāyāna Buddhism and its Relationship to the Worship of Stūpa,¡¨ in Memories of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 22 (Tokyo, 1963), pp. 57-106.
¡¼ Kent, S. A.,¡§A Sectarian interpretation of the Rise of the Mahāyāna,¡¨ Religion 12 (1982), pp. 311-332.
¡¼ Lancaster, Lewis, ¡§The Oldest Mahāyāna Sūtra : Its significance for the Study of Buddhism Development ,¡¨ Eastern Buddhism 8 (1975), pp. 30-41.
¡¼ Beyer, S., ¡§Notes on the Vision Quest in Early Mahāyāna,¡¨ Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems, ed. by L. Lancaster¡]Berkeley, 1977¡^, pp. 329-340.
¡¼ Gomez, Luis O., ¡§Proto-Mādhyamika in the Pāli Canon,¡¨ Philosophy East and West 26 (1976), pp. 137-165.
¢w¢w¡§The Bodhisattva as Wonder-worker,¡¨ in Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems, ed. by L. Lancaster (Berkeley, 1977), pp.221-261.
¡¼ Schopen, G., ¡§The Inscription on the Kuṣān Image of Amitābha and the Character of the Early Mahāyāna in India,¡¨ Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10.2 (1987), pp. 99-137.
¢w¢w¡§Mahāyāna in Indian Inscriptions,¡¨ Indo-Iranian Journal 21 (1979), pp. 1-19.
¡¼ Vetter, T. ¡§On the Origin of Mahāyāna Buddhism and the Subsequent Introduction of Prajñāpāramitā,¡¨ Asiatische Studien 48.4 (1994), pp. 124-181.
¡¼ Williams, Paul, Mahāyāna Buddhism : The Doctrinal Foundations, London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989.
¡¼ Conze Edward, ¡§Buddhism : The Mahāyana,¡¨ Living Faith, pp. 293-317.

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¤@¡B­^¤å¸ê®Æ
¡¼ http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/b_books.htm
Buddhist Studies : A Selected Readiing List in Buddhist History
¡@¡@¤¶²Ð¦³Ãö¦ò±Ð¾ú¥vªº­^¤å¥Ø¿ý¡A¥]¬A¤@¯ë³q¥v¡B¦òªûªº¶Ç°O»P¾ú¥v¡A¥H¤Î¦ò±Ð¦b¦L«×¡Bí仫¡B¤¤¨È¡B´µ¨½Äõ¥d¡BªF«n¨È¡BªF¨È¡B¦èÂáB¦è¤èµ¥ªºµo®i·§ªp¡C
¡¼ http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/pre_buddhism_history.html
BUDDHISM IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT
¡@¡@¤º®e¥]¬A¡G¤TÄ_¡B¾ú¥v»P¶Ç²Î¡B­õ¾Ç¡B­×¦æ¡B·Ð´o¡B¶H¼x¡B¦ò±Ð¬G¨Æµ¥¥DÃD¡A¨C¤@¥DÃD¦³¤£¦Pªº¤p¥DÃD¡C
¡¼ http://hinduwebsite.com/buddhism/history_of_ buddhism.htm
History of Buddhism
¡@¡@¦òªû¬G¨Æªº¤¶²Ð¡B¦ò±Ð¾ú¥v¡B¦ò±Ðªºµ²¶°¡B¦òªûªº±Ð¸q¡B¦ò±Ðªº­×¦æ¡B¬ÛÃö¦ò±Ð±Ð¸qªº¤å³¹»P¨ä¥L¦ò±Ðºô¯¸ªº³sµ²¡C
¡¼ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism
Buddhism (From Wikipedia)
¡@¡@¦¹¬°´£¨Ñ§K¶Oªº¦ò±Ð­^¤å¦Ê¬ì¥þ®Ñ¡A¦@¦³¤C­Ó¥DÃD¡G¦ò±Ð¡B¦ò±Ðªº¬£§O¡B¦ò±Ðªº­õ¾Ç®a¡B¦ò±Ðªº¯«¯µ¾Ç¡B¦ò±Ðªº­õ¾Ç·§©À¡B¹¬°|»P¦ò±Ðªº¤TÂûP¦ò±Ðªº±M¦³¦Wµü¡C¨C¤@¥DÃD¤U¡A¤S¨Ì­^¤å¦r¥À¶¶¦¸¦³¤£¦P¤p¥DÃDªº¤å³¹¡A¨Ãªþ¦³¬ÛÃöªº·Ó¤ù¡C¦¹ºô¯¸¤]±µ¨ü¹ï¦U­Ó±ø¥Ø¸ÑÄÀªº­×§ï¡C
¡¼ http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/students/vb/History.HTM
Brief History of Buddhism
¡@¡@¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥v²¤¶¡C
¡¼ http://buddhism.about.com/
Buddhism
¡@¡@´£¨Ñªì¾ÇªÌ³z¹Lºô¸ôªº¾Ç²ß½Òµ{¡A¥H¤Î¦ò±Ð¬ÛÃöªº¦UºØ¥DÃDªº¤å³¹»P¸ê®Æ¡C¸ê®ÆÂ×´I¡A¬O¤@­Ó­È±o°Ñ¦Òªººô¯¸¡C
¡¼ http://www.acay.com.au/-silkroad/buddha/buddhism_history.htm
The History, Philosophy and Practice of Buddhism
¡@¡@¦ò±Ðªº¾ú¥v¡B­õ¾Ç»P­×¦æªº¤¶²Ð¡C
¡¼ http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/buddhaintro.html
An Introduction to Buddhism
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PRE-BUDDHIST HISTORY
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¡¼ Hirakawa Akira, trans. by Paul Groner., A History of Indian Buddhism : From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press, 1990. Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass Delhi, 1998.
¡¼ Reynolds, Frank E, ¡§From Philology to Anthropology : A Bibliographical Essay on Works Related to Early Theravāda and Sinhalese Buddhism,¡¨ In The Two Wheels of Dhamma : Essays on the Theravāda Tradition in India and Ceylon, Gananath Obeyesekere, Frank E. Reynolds and Bardwell L. Smith. ed., Chambersburg, Pa. : American Academy of Religion, 1972.

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1. Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Ancient India : A History of Its Culture and Civilization, New York : Pantheon Books, 1966.
2. de Jong, J. W., ¡§The Background of Early Buddhism,¡¨ in the Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, XII, 1 ( January 1964), pp. 34-37.
3. Basham, A. L., ¡§The Rise of Buddhism in its Historical Context,¡¨ Journal of Asian Studies IV, 3 (December 1966), pp. 395-411.

4. Warder, A. K., ¡§On the Relationship Between Early Buddhism and Other Contemporary Systems,¡¨ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XVIII (1965), pp. 43-63.

5. Dutt, Sukumar, The Buddha and Five After-Centuries, London : Luzac, 1957.
¢w¢wBuddhist Monks and Monasteries of India, London : G. Allen and Unwin, 1962.
6. Lamotte, Étienne, Histoire du Bouddhisme indien, des origines à l'ère Saka, Louvain : Publications Universities, 1958.
©Ô²ö¯S¡]Lamotte, Etienne¡^ªºHistory of Indian Buddhism¡]¡m¦L«×¦ò±Ð¾ú¥v¡n¡^¡A­ì®Ñ¬O¥Ñªk¤å¼g¦¨¡C¦¹®Ñ¬O¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥vªº¥~¤å¸ê®Æ¤¤³Ì¦³¦WªºµÛ§@¡A¦@¤À¤C³¹¡A¨ä¤¤¦³¦òªû®É¥Nªº¦L«×¡B¼¯´¦ªû®É´Á¡B¤Õ³¶¤ý´Â®É´Á¡B³¡¬£¦ò±Ð»P¦ò±Ð®{ªº©v±Ðµ¥¡C
7. Dutt, Nalinaksha, Early Monastic Buddhism, 2 vols., Calcutta : Calcutta Oriental Series, No. 30, 1941.
8. Gokuldas De, Democracy in Buddhist Saṃgha, Calcutta : Calcutta University Press, 1955.
9. Nikam, N. A. translated, Edicts of Aśoka, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1958.
10. Thittila, U., ¡§The Fundamental Principles of Theravada Buddhism,¡¨ in The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists, Kenneth Morgan, ed., (New York : The Ronald Press, 1956).
11. Horner, Isaline,¡§Theravada Buddhism,¡¨in The Concise Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, R. C. Zaehner ed., (London : Hutchison, 1959), pp. 267-295.
¢w¢wWomen under Primitive Buddhism : Laywomen and Almswomen, New York : E. P. Dutton and Company, Ltd., 1930.
12. Oldenberg, Hermann, Buddha : His Life, His Doctrine, His Order, London : Williams and Norgate, 1882.
13. Balkrishna Gokhale, ¡§The Early Buddhist View of the State,¡¨ Journal of the American Oriental Society LXXXIX, 4 (October- December, 1969).

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